Long-term care (LTC) is a range of services and supports you may need to meet your health or personal needs over a long period of time.  You need long-term care when you are not able to complete personal care or other daily activities on your own.  This is most often the result of a chronic illness or disability.  In some cases, the illness or disability may include memory loss, confusion, or disorientation resulting from conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease.

This year, about nine million men and women over the age of 65 will require some type of long-term care services during their lifetime, and this is forecasted to increase to 12 million by 2020.  Most (70%) will be cared for at home by family and friends, but according to a study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 40 percent of the people who reach age 65 will need nursing home care.

Things that increase your risk or make it more likely that you’ll need long-term care include:

• Age:  The older you get, the more likely it is that you’ll need help.
• Living alone:  If you live alone, you’re more likely to need paid care than if you’re living with a partner.
• Gender:  Women are more likely to need long-term care than men, primarily because women tend to live longer.
• Lifestyle:  Poor diet and exercise habits increase the chance that you’ll need long-term care.
• Personal history:  Health and family history can increase the chances you’ll need long-term care.

Service and support needs vary from person to person and often change over time.

• On average, someone who is 65 today will need some type of long-term care services and support for three years.
• Women need care longer (on average 3.7 years) than men (on average 2.2 years).
• While about one-third of today’s 65-year-olds may never need long-term care services and support, 20 percent will need care for longer than 5 years.  About 10 percent of the people who enter a nursing home will stay there 5 years or more.

The following table shows that more people use long-term care services at home, and use it for a longer period of time, than in facilities:

Long-term care can be provided at home, in the community, or in long-term care facilities.  Most people can live at home for many years with help from family and friends, and from other paid community support.

The long-term care services and support you receive may include one or more of the following:

1. Unpaid Caregiver:  Assistance with personal care or other activities from an unpaid caregiver, who may be a family member, partner, friend, or neighbor who helps care for you while you live at home.  About 80 percent of care at home is provided by unpaid caregivers.  Caregivers provide an array of emotional, financial, nursing, social, and homemaking services.
2. Other Home Services:  Services in your home from a nurse, home health or home care aide, therapist, homemaker, etc.  Included are meals programs (e.g., Meals on Wheels), chore services (e.g., washing floors or shoveling snow), visitor/companion services, emergency response services, etc.
3. Community Services:  Services in the community such as adult day services, transportation services, and senior centers.  Often these services supplement the care you receive at home or provide time off for your family caregivers.
4. Facilities:  Care in any of a variety of long-term care facilities (see below).

The types of services provided by long-term care facilities vary by type of facility.  All facilities provide housing and related housekeeping services.  Some also provide help with managing medications, assistance with personal care, supervision, special programs for people with Alzheimer’s Disease, or 24-hour nursing care.  Typically, the state in which the facility is located regulates which services are offered.

Facility-based service providers include the following:

1. Adult foster care:  These programs match people who cannot live safely on their own with a foster family that provides room and board 24 hours a day and helps with personal care activities like bathing, eating, and medication.
2. Board and care homes:  There are two main types of board and care homes – residential care facilities, which usually have 20 or fewer residents and group homes that have 6 or fewer residents.  Both types of facilities provide meals, personal care, and a 24-hour staff.
3. Assisted living:  Like board and care homes, assisted living is designed for people who want to live in a community setting but need help with personal care, other daily activities, or supervision, but who do not need as much care as provided by a nursing home.
4. Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs):  CCRCs offer several levels of care in one location.  They offer a mix of independent housing (for people who need little or no care), assisted living, and nursing facilities (for those who need more care and supervision).
5. Nursing homes:  Nursing homes, also called skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), provide a range of services, including nursing care, 24-hour supervision, and assistance with daily living activities.  They also offer rehabilitation services such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy.

Medicaid is a joint federal and state government program that pays for certain home and community health services and nursing home care for older people with low incomes and limited assets who meet minimum state eligibility requirements.  Such requirements are based on the amount of assistance needed with activities of daily living.  Other federal programs such as the Older Americans Act and the Department of Veterans Affairs pay for long-term care services, but only for specific populations and in certain circumstances.

Most employer-sponsored or private health insurance, including health insurance plans, cover only the same kinds of limited services as Medicare.  If they do cover long-term care, it is typically only for skilled, short-term, medically necessary care.

There is an increasing number of private payment options that can help you pay for long-term care services.  These include long-term care insurance, reverse mortgages, life insurance options, and annuities.  It is important that you understand the differences among the public programs and private financing options for long-term care services.  Each public program and each private financing source has its own rules for the services it covers, and its own eligibility requirements, copayments, and premiums.

Long-term care insurance (LTC or LTCI) helps provide for the cost of long-term care beyond a predetermined period.  It covers care generally not covered by health insurance, Medicare, or Medicaid.  Covered care includes home care, assisted living, adult daycare, respite care, hospice care, nursing home and Alzheimer's facilities.  If home care coverage is purchased, long-term care insurance can pay for home care, often from the first day it is needed.  It will pay for a visiting or live-in caregiver, companion, housekeeper, therapist or private duty nurse up to seven days a week, 24 hours a day (up to the policy benefit maximum).

Other benefits of long-term care insurance:

• Many individuals may feel uncomfortable relying on their children or family members for support, and find that long-term care insurance could help cover out-of-pocket expenses.

• Without long-term care insurance, the cost of providing these services may quickly deplete the savings of the individual and/or their family.  This could leave the individual without any inheritable assets and make them solely dependent on government aid (i.e., Medicaid).

• Premiums paid on a long-term care insurance product may be eligible for an income tax deduction.  The amount of the deduction depends on the age of the covered person.  Benefits paid from a long-term care contract are generally excluded from income.

Private long-term care (LTC) insurance is growing in popularity in the United States.  Premiums, however, have risen dramatically in recent years even for existing policy holders.  Coverage costs can be expensive, especially when consumers wait until retirement age to purchase long-term care coverage.  This is why it pays to initiate a long-term care policy early in your pre-retirement period.

Following is a sample list of possible benefit options (coverage) within a typical long-term care insurance policy:

• Number of days (years) of nursing home care provided
• Number of days (years) of home care provided
• Nursing home facility daily benefit dollar amount
• Percent of daily nursing home benefit amount available for home care
• Lifetime Elimination Period – number of days that you will be required to pay until the policy benefits kick in
• Inflation protection (e.g., 5% compounded)

The insurance coverage together with your age, health, sex and your location (state) determine your premium.

State long-term care partnership programs combine long-term care insurance and Medicaid Extended Coverage.  Their purpose is to help individuals financially prepare for the possibility of needing nursing home care, home care or assisted living services someday.  The programs allow for the protection of some or all of your assets (resources), depending on the insurance plan purchased, if your long-term care needs extend beyond the period covered by your private insurance policy.  If you buy partnership long-term care insurance from a participating insurer, use the benefits according to the conditions of the program, and you are a resident of the state, the programs allows you to apply for Medicaid Extended Coverage.

Forty US states are now participating in reciprocity as offered in the Federal Deficit Reduction Act of 2005.  This allows policyholders in a participating state who relocate to one of the forty other participating states to take advantage of asset protection in those states at a dollar-for-dollar level based on the amount of LTC insurance benefits paid on their behalf.  Check to see whether your state provides this additional protection.

Long term care insurers have priced their policies based on factors present at the time the policies were written and assuming that a certain number of people will drop their policies before receiving benefits. However, with people living longer and lower interest rates on their investments, insurers increasingly need to petition state regulators for rate increases.  This results in significant annual premium increases when retirees can least afford them.

Retirees have four alternatives for addressing annual premium increases:

1. Pay the Increase -- After making payments for many years, you may find it difficult to give up your policy, especially when you're approaching the time when you may require the plan's benefits. So, if you can afford it, accept the increase and hope that it's the last one.

2. Reduce Benefits -- Some plans will allow you to lower the new premium by giving up benefits. You may be able to reduce the daily benefit and/or the number of day's coverage. If you are covered under a partnership policy, you will need to assure minimum qualification coverage. Also, consider that average nursing home stay is under eight months.

3. Drop or Lower Coverage for One Spouse -- Consider the health of each spouse and that women will typically outlive men, possibly needing longer coverage.

4. Take a Cash Buyout -- If you cannot afford the premium increase, have sufficient wealth to self-insure, or are young and healthy enough to find a new policy, you may wish to take and reinvest the cash payout.

As stated earlier, for almost all Americans, except the very wealthy or poor, long term care insurance is vital for protecting one's estate, lifestyle, and peace of mind.  Remember that if you need long-term care someday you only have two options:

• Pay the full cost yourself, which could ultimately drain all of your assets and cause you to be dependent on Medicaid, or
• Purchase a long-term care insurance policy which could cover, together with a state partnership program, all or most of your possible long-term care costs.

Long-term care is expensive.  In 2020 one year of care at home, consisting of a total of 44 hours per week from a home health aide, cost over $51,000, and the average cost for one year of nursing home care was over $90,000 for a semi-private room.  As mentioned above, where you live plays an important role in determining how much you’ll pay.  At the bottom of this page is an example of average NY State costs from ACACIA Insurance Services. Figures for you state can be found at the government's Long Term Care Information Site: